Advisory details:
github_osv / GHSA-f794-5jv7-7672
| Advisory ID | github_osv/GHSA-f794-5jv7-7672 |
| Aliases |
CVE-2026-81727
|
| Summary | NLTK: Downloader.download follows hardlinks and overwrites outside-root files ### Summary NLTK's downloader now blocks symlink escapes during ZIP extraction, but it still treats pre-existing hardlinks inside the install tree as ordinary in-root files. A normal package install can therefore overwrite an outside-root inode through that hardlink. ### Details - **Vulnerability type:** Filesystem containment bypass - **Affected component:** `nltk.downloader.Downloader.download`, `nltk.downloader.Downloader.incr_download` - **Affected versions:** Published `3.9.4` and current source `v3.10.0-rc2` both reproduced for the extraction-stage overwrite. - **Patched versions:** 3.10.3 - **Root cause:** The downloader validates traversal and symlink conditions but does not reject pre-existing hardlink aliases inside the install tree. The install flow correctly rejects a pre-existing symlink at an extraction target, yet it accepts a pre-existing hardlink at the same path. When the package is installed, extracted member data is written through the hardlink and mutates the outside inode. ### PoC **Preconditions** - The attacker can plant files inside a writable shared downloader root on the same filesystem as the target file. **Steps** 1. Prepare a downloader root and create a hardlink inside it that points to an outside target file. 2. Confirm a symlink at the same path is rejected as a negative control. 3. Run a normal `Downloader.download()` package install whose extracted member lands on the hardlink path. 4. Observe the outside target file is overwritten while the downloader still reports the package as installed. **Minimal reproducible excerpt** ```text extract_hardlink_before ORIGINAL extract_hardlink_after PWNED extract_hardlink_status installed ``` ### Impact A shared or attacker-influenced downloader directory can be turned into an overwrite primitive against same-filesystem files outside the intended install root. ### Remediation Treat pre-existing hardlinks as unsafe in extraction targets, verify that each write path stays within the intended install tree at the inode level, and add regression tests that pair hardlinks with existing symlink controls. |
| Status | Published |
| Exploitability | 0.5 |
| Weighted Severity | 6.4 |
| Risk | 3.2 |
| Affected and Fixed Packages | Package Details |
| Introduced and Fixed Package Commit Patches | Package Commit Patches Details |
| System | Score | Found at |
|---|---|---|
| cvssv3.1 | 7.1 | https://github.com/github/advisory-database/blob/main/advisories/github-reviewed/2026/09/GHSA-f794-5jv7-7672/GHSA-f794-5jv7-7672.json |
| cvssv4 | 6.9 | https://github.com/github/advisory-database/blob/main/advisories/github-reviewed/2026/09/GHSA-f794-5jv7-7672/GHSA-f794-5jv7-7672.json |
| generic_textual | MODERATE |
No EPSS data available for this advisory.
| Patch URL | |
|---|---|
| There are no known patches. | |
| Attack Vector (AV) | Attack Complexity (AC) | Privileges Required (PR) | User Interaction (UI) | Scope (S) | Confidentiality Impact (C) | Integrity Impact (I) | Availability Impact (A) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
network adjacent_network local physical |
low high |
none low high |
none required |
unchanged changed |
high low none |
high low none |
high low none |
| Attack Vector (AV) | Attack Complexity (AC) | Attack Requirements (AT) | Privileges Required (PR) | User Interaction (UI) | Vulnerable System Impact Confidentiality (VC) | Vulnerable System Impact Integrity (VI) | Vulnerable System Impact Availability (VA) | Subsequent System Impact Confidentiality (SC) | Subsequent System Impact Integrity (SI) | Subsequent System Impact Availability (SA) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
network adjacent local physical |
low high |
none present |
none low high |
none passive active |
high low none |
high low none |
high low none |
high low none |
high low none |
high low none |
There are no SSVC decisions available.