Vulnerability Instance
Lookup for vulnerabilities affecting packages.
GET /api/vulnerabilities/24430?format=api
{ "url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/vulnerabilities/24430?format=api", "vulnerability_id": "VCID-shhe-tubm-f7f8", "summary": "PyJWT accepts unknown `crit` header extensions\n## Summary\n\nPyJWT does not validate the `crit` (Critical) Header Parameter defined in\nRFC 7515 §4.1.11. When a JWS token contains a `crit` array listing\nextensions that PyJWT does not understand, the library accepts the token\ninstead of rejecting it. This violates the **MUST** requirement in the RFC.\n\nThis is the same class of vulnerability as CVE-2025-59420 (Authlib),\nwhich received CVSS 7.5 (HIGH).\n\n---\n\n## RFC Requirement\n\nRFC 7515 §4.1.11:\n\n> The \"crit\" (Critical) Header Parameter indicates that extensions to this\n> specification and/or [JWA] are being used that **MUST** be understood and\n> processed. [...] If any of the listed extension Header Parameters are\n> **not understood and supported** by the recipient, then the **JWS is invalid**.\n\n---\n\n## Proof of Concept\n\n```python\nimport jwt # PyJWT 2.8.0\nimport hmac, hashlib, base64, json\n\n# Construct token with unknown critical extension\nheader = {\"alg\": \"HS256\", \"crit\": [\"x-custom-policy\"], \"x-custom-policy\": \"require-mfa\"}\npayload = {\"sub\": \"attacker\", \"role\": \"admin\"}\n\ndef b64url(data):\n return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(b\"=\").decode()\n\nh = b64url(json.dumps(header, separators=(\",\", \":\")).encode())\np = b64url(json.dumps(payload, separators=(\",\", \":\")).encode())\nsig = b64url(hmac.new(b\"secret\", f\"{h}.{p}\".encode(), hashlib.sha256).digest())\ntoken = f\"{h}.{p}.{sig}\"\n\n# Should REJECT — x-custom-policy is not understood by PyJWT\ntry:\n result = jwt.decode(token, \"secret\", algorithms=[\"HS256\"])\n print(f\"ACCEPTED: {result}\")\n # Output: ACCEPTED: {'sub': 'attacker', 'role': 'admin'}\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f\"REJECTED: {e}\")\n```\n\n**Expected:** `jwt.exceptions.InvalidTokenError: Unsupported critical extension: x-custom-policy`\n**Actual:** Token accepted, payload returned.\n\n### Comparison with RFC-compliant library\n\n```python\n# jwcrypto — correctly rejects\nfrom jwcrypto import jwt as jw_jwt, jwk\nkey = jwk.JWK(kty=\"oct\", k=b64url(b\"secret\"))\njw_jwt.JWT(jwt=token, key=key, algs=[\"HS256\"])\n# raises: InvalidJWSObject('Unknown critical header: \"x-custom-policy\"')\n```\n\n---\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Split-brain verification** in mixed-library deployments (e.g., API\n gateway using jwcrypto rejects, backend using PyJWT accepts)\n- **Security policy bypass** when `crit` carries enforcement semantics\n (MFA, token binding, scope restrictions)\n- **Token binding bypass** — RFC 7800 `cnf` (Proof-of-Possession) can be\n silently ignored\n- See CVE-2025-59420 for full impact analysis\n\n---\n\n## Suggested Fix\n\nIn `jwt/api_jwt.py`, add validation in `_validate_headers()` or\n`decode()`:\n\n```python\n_SUPPORTED_CRIT = {\"b64\"} # Add extensions PyJWT actually supports\n\ndef _validate_crit(self, headers: dict) -> None:\n crit = headers.get(\"crit\")\n if crit is None:\n return\n if not isinstance(crit, list) or len(crit) == 0:\n raise InvalidTokenError(\"crit must be a non-empty array\")\n for ext in crit:\n if ext not in self._SUPPORTED_CRIT:\n raise InvalidTokenError(f\"Unsupported critical extension: {ext}\")\n if ext not in headers:\n raise InvalidTokenError(f\"Critical extension {ext} not in header\")\n```\n\n---\n\n## CWE\n\n- CWE-345: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity\n- CWE-863: Incorrect Authorization\n\n## References\n\n- [RFC 7515 §4.1.11](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7515.html#section-4.1.11)\n- [CVE-2025-59420 — Authlib crit bypass (CVSS 7.5)](https://osv.dev/vulnerability/GHSA-9ggr-2464-2j32)\n- [RFC 7800 — Proof-of-Possession Key Semantics](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7800)", "aliases": [ { "alias": "CVE-2026-32597" }, { "alias": "GHSA-752w-5fwx-jx9f" } ], "fixed_packages": [ { "url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/1077884?format=api", "purl": "pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.12.1-1", "is_vulnerable": false, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [], "resource_url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/packages/pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.12.1-1" }, { "url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/1077478?format=api", "purl": "pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.12.1-1?distro=trixie", "is_vulnerable": false, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [], "resource_url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/packages/pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.12.1-1%3Fdistro=trixie" }, { "url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/67619?format=api", "purl": "pkg:pypi/pyjwt@2.12.0", "is_vulnerable": false, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [], "resource_url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/packages/pkg:pypi/pyjwt@2.12.0" } ], "affected_packages": 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"url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/1077881?format=api", "purl": "pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.6.0-1", "is_vulnerable": true, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [ { "vulnerability": "VCID-shhe-tubm-f7f8" } ], "resource_url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/packages/pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.6.0-1" }, { "url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/1077882?format=api", "purl": "pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.10.1-2", "is_vulnerable": true, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [ { "vulnerability": "VCID-shhe-tubm-f7f8" } ], "resource_url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/packages/pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.10.1-2" }, { "url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/936135?format=api", "purl": "pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.10.1-2?distro=trixie", "is_vulnerable": true, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [ { "vulnerability": "VCID-shhe-tubm-f7f8" } ], "resource_url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/packages/pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.10.1-2%3Fdistro=trixie" }, { "url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/936134?format=api", "purl": "pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.11.0-2?distro=trixie", "is_vulnerable": true, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [ { "vulnerability": "VCID-shhe-tubm-f7f8" } ], "resource_url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/packages/pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.11.0-2%3Fdistro=trixie" }, { "url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/1077883?format=api", "purl": "pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.11.0-2", "is_vulnerable": true, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [ { "vulnerability": "VCID-shhe-tubm-f7f8" } ], "resource_url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/packages/pkg:deb/debian/pyjwt@2.11.0-2" }, { "url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/5270?format=api", "purl": "pkg:pypi/pyjwt@0.1.1", "is_vulnerable": true, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [ { "vulnerability": "VCID-42yf-7k7m-dkf6" }, { "vulnerability": "VCID-shhe-tubm-f7f8" }, { "vulnerability": "VCID-up5n-d12g-u3g6" } ], "resource_url": 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"url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/api/packages/1089094?format=api", "purl": "pkg:rpm/redhat/fence-agents@4.2.1-129.el8_10?arch=25", "is_vulnerable": true, "affected_by_vulnerabilities": [ { "vulnerability": "VCID-f44c-ygbw-bufn" }, { "vulnerability": "VCID-kth3-bvbt-gbgk" }, { "vulnerability": "VCID-shhe-tubm-f7f8" } ], "resource_url": "http://public2.vulnerablecode.io/packages/pkg:rpm/redhat/fence-agents@4.2.1-129.el8_10%3Farch=25" } ], "references": [ { "reference_url": "https://access.redhat.com/hydra/rest/securitydata/cve/CVE-2026-32597.json", "reference_id": "", "reference_type": "", "scores": [ { "value": "7.5", "scoring_system": "cvssv3", "scoring_elements": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N" } ], "url": "https://access.redhat.com/hydra/rest/securitydata/cve/CVE-2026-32597.json" }, { "reference_url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2026-32597", "reference_id": "", "reference_type": "", "scores": [ { "value": "0.0001", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.01053", "published_at": "2026-04-16T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "0.0001", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.01126", "published_at": "2026-04-21T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "0.0001", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.01061", "published_at": "2026-04-18T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "0.0001", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.01058", "published_at": "2026-04-13T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "0.00013", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.02299", "published_at": "2026-04-26T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "0.00013", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.02306", "published_at": "2026-04-24T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "0.00013", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.02343", "published_at": "2026-04-29T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "9e-05", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.00914", "published_at": "2026-04-04T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "9e-05", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.00913", "published_at": "2026-04-02T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "9e-05", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.00917", "published_at": "2026-04-09T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "9e-05", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.0092", "published_at": "2026-04-08T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "9e-05", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.00906", "published_at": "2026-04-11T12:55:00Z" }, { "value": "9e-05", "scoring_system": "epss", "scoring_elements": "0.00901", "published_at": "2026-04-12T12:55:00Z" } ], "url": "https://api.first.org/data/v1/epss?cve=CVE-2026-32597" }, { "reference_url": "https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2026-32597", "reference_id": "", "reference_type": "", "scores": [], "url": "https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2026-32597" }, { "reference_url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/yaml/suse-cvss-scores.yaml", "reference_id": "", "reference_type": "", "scores": [ { "value": "7.5", "scoring_system": "cvssv3.1", "scoring_elements": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N" } ], "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/yaml/suse-cvss-scores.yaml" }, { "reference_url": "https://github.com/jpadilla/pyjwt", "reference_id": "", "reference_type": "", "scores": [ { "value": "7.5", "scoring_system": "cvssv3.1", "scoring_elements": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N" }, { "value": "HIGH", "scoring_system": "generic_textual", "scoring_elements": "" } ], "url": "https://github.com/jpadilla/pyjwt" }, { "reference_url": "https://github.com/jpadilla/pyjwt/security/advisories/GHSA-752w-5fwx-jx9f", "reference_id": "", "reference_type": "", "scores": [ { "value": "7.5", "scoring_system": "cvssv3.1", "scoring_elements": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N" }, { "value": "HIGH", "scoring_system": "cvssv3.1_qr", "scoring_elements": "" }, { "value": "HIGH", "scoring_system": "generic_textual", "scoring_elements": "" }, { "value": "Track", "scoring_system": "ssvc", "scoring_elements": "SSVCv2/E:P/A:Y/T:P/P:M/B:A/M:M/D:T/2026-03-13T14:48:42Z/" } ], "url": "https://github.com/jpadilla/pyjwt/security/advisories/GHSA-752w-5fwx-jx9f" }, { "reference_url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32597", "reference_id": "", "reference_type": "", "scores": [ { "value": "7.5", "scoring_system": "cvssv3.1", "scoring_elements": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N" }, { "value": "HIGH", "scoring_system": "generic_textual", "scoring_elements": "" } ], "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-32597" }, { "reference_url": "https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=1130662", "reference_id": "1130662", "reference_type": "", "scores": [], "url": "https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=1130662" }, { "reference_url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2447194", "reference_id": "2447194", "reference_type": "", "scores": [], "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2447194" }, { "reference_url": 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